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Journey

07 · CLASH, STING & THE SPECTACLE

Reputation is tested in public.

1990s

Sound clash, artist rivalry, stage shows, dubplates and confrontations turn lyrical skill and crowd judgement into drama.

Inside this era

VS Clash

Sound versus sound

Two sounds, alternating rounds, one crowd deciding. The weapon is the dubplate — an exclusive cut of a known song with the artist singing your sound's name into it — and the skill is sequencing: what you answer with, when you pull it up, and when you let a tune play out. Bass Odyssey, Killamanjaro, King Addies and Japan's Mighty Crown built careers on it.

DubplateRoundsMighty Crown

Stage

Sting and the lyrical war

Sting, held every Boxing Day since 1984 and for most of its life at Jamworld in Portmore, made the artist clash a headline event: Ninjaman against Shabba, Bounty Killer against Beenie Man, and in 2008 Kartel against Mavado. Reggae Sunsplash and later Sumfest built the other half of the calendar — the festival stage that carried the same artists to the rest of the world.

StingSumfestSunsplash

Reach

Dancehall goes international

Shabba Ranks won consecutive Grammys in 1992 and 1993; Chaka Demus & Pliers, Ini Kamoze, Patra, Diana King and Super Cat took Jamaican voices onto American and British charts. In Britain the same rhythms fed ragga, jungle and drum and bass; in Japan a whole sound-clash scene grew up around Yokohama and Osaka.

Shabba RanksJungleJapan

Close up

Object

The dubplate

A one-off acetate cut for a single sound system, with a lyric rewritten to name it and bury its rival. It cannot be bought, only commissioned, and its value is entirely in the fact that nobody else has it.

Argument

Gun talk and the reality debate

Whether the gun lyric reports West Kingston or advertises it is an argument Jamaica has run in its own newspapers, its churches and its Broadcasting Commission for thirty years, and the archive keeps both sides of it rather than settling it.

FROM THE ARCHIVE

Published records from this era

Follow any record into its connections, evidence and interviews.

recording · Probable'Til Shiloh — Buju Banton

'Til Shiloh, Buju Banton's 1995 album produced by Donovan Germain at Penthouse, marked his widely documented turn from slack dancehall lyricism toward Rastafari-conscious songwriting and is regarded as the signature recording of dancehall's mid-1990s cultural turn.

recording · Well supported"A Sombra da Maldade" — Cidade Negra

Signature 1994 hit from Cidade Negra’s album Sobre Todas as Forças, a Brazilian reggae radio staple that helped cement the band’s national mainstream breakthrough.

recording · Well supported"Antonia" — Gondwana

The best-known song by Gondwana, the Chilean band who did more than anyone to establish reggae in Spanish-speaking South America. It is a good illustration of how far the form travelled and how completely it was absorbed: a Jamaican rhythm, a Chilean band, a Spanish lyric, and an audience that heard it as their own music rather than an import.

recording · Well supported"Dat Sexy Body" -- Sasha

Sasha wrote and recorded 'Dat Sexy Body' in 1998 on a variation of the Bookshelf riddim; the track became a sleeper hit that only reached its full chart impact roughly five years after release, and was later remixed with reggaeton artist Ivy Queen.

recording · Well supported"Dolly My Baby" — Super Cat

Super Cat's 1993 single for Columbia, and the record on which the crossover ran in both directions at once. The Bad Boy Extended Mix, one of six remixes on the 12-inch, carried Mary J. Blige, Third Eye, Puff Daddy and (making his recorded debut) the Notorious B.I.G. The biggest rapper of the decade first reached wax on the remix of a Jamaican dancehall single, which is the clearest single illustration of how much American hip-hop was drawing from Kingston at that moment.

recording · Well supported"Flex" — Mad Cobra

The lead single from Hard to Wet, Easy to Dry (1992), Mad Cobra's major-label debut for Columbia, and one of the records that convinced American labels there was a dancehall market to sign.

recording · Well supported"Hip-Hopera" — Bounty Killer featuring The Fugees

From Bounty Killer's My Xperience (1996), released as a single by VP Records in February 1997, pairing him with the Fugees at the height of The Score. Often cited as one of the earliest rap-opera records, and an example of a Jamaican deejay bringing an American group onto his own album rather than appearing as a guest on theirs.

recording · Well supported"Hot This Year" - Dirtsman

Dirtsman's 1991 signature dancehall hit, cut for engineer-producer Philip Smart's Tan-Yah operation; the deejay (Patrick Thomas, brother of Papa San) died in 1993 and is remembered for this record. Documented facts, memorial framing.

recording · Well supported"Informer" — Snow

1993 single by Toronto singjay Snow (Darrin O’Brien), raised in a Caribbean-heavy North York housing project, which spent seven weeks at No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and became one of the biggest global crossover hits built on Jamaican dancehall vocal style.

recording · Well supported"Limb by Limb" — Cutty Ranks

"Limb by Limb" by Cutty Ranks is one of the records that carried 1990s hardcore dancehall into international circulation, remembered for its sharp deejay delivery and heavy presence in clubs, mixtapes and sound-system play.

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