Music beyond Kingston: a parish map of Jamaican sound

Frederick "Toots" Hibbert with Raleigh Gordon and Jerry Matthias, formed in Kingston in the early 1960s and recording first for Coxsone Dodd, then Prince Buster and Byron Lee before the Leslie Kong sides that made them international. Theirs was the group whose "Do the Reggay" (1968) put the genre's name on a record label, whose Festival Song wins began with "Bam Bam" in the competition's first year, and whose "54-46 That's My Number" — written out of Hibbert's imprisonment on a ganja charge, the number being his prison number — became one of the most versioned rhythms in the music. "Pressure Drop" and "Monkey Man" carried the same church-raised soul power into the reggae era and then out of it, covered by the Clash and the Specials and pulling Jamaican music into British punk. Hibbert won a Grammy with True Love (2005) and died on 11 September 2020.

Capital of St Ann and birthplace of Marcus Garvey and of Winston Rodney (Burning Spear), whose roots-reggae drew directly on the town's Garveyite heritage.

Rural village in St Mary documented as the birthplace of dancehall deejay Capleton (Clifton Bailey), part of the parish's strong deejay lineage.

Nyabinghi Rastafari ground near Toll Gate in Clarendon regarded as a headquarters of the Nyabinghi Order, where groundation drumming and reasoning of the tradition Count Ossie brought to record are kept.

Windward Maroon settlement near Buff Bay in Portland that safeguards Kromanti drumming, abeng-blowing, singing and the annual Quao Day festival honouring Captain Quao.

District around Bog Walk in St Catherine, birthplace of Eric Donaldson, whose 'Cherry Oh Baby' won the 1971 Festival Song Competition and who claimed multiple later titles.

Winston Hubert McIntosh (19 October 1944 - 11 September 1987), born in Westmoreland, was the most confrontational of the three original Wailers and the one whose politics never softened. He met Bob Marley and Bunny Wailer through Joe Higgs, who gave free singing lessons to young people in Trench Town, and the three began singing together in 1962. Tosh's importance to the group was practical as well as vocal: he was a self-taught guitarist and keyboardist at a time when neither of the others played, and he also handled melodica, percussion and violin. He left in 1974 with Bunny Wailer, after Chris Blackwell declined to release his solo album, and made a career of unambiguous protest — Legalize It (1976), Equal Rights (1977), Bush Doctor (1978) for the Rolling Stones' label with Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, Mama Africa (1983) and No Nuclear War (1987). At the One Love Peace Concert in April 1978 he lit a spliff on stage and lectured the assembled politicians on cannabis law; that September he was arrested at Half Way Tree and severely beaten in police custody, leaving him with a broken hand and head injuries. He was killed at his Kingston home on 11 September 1987 when three men came demanding money — the gunman was Dennis "Leppo" Lobban, a man Tosh had previously tried to help. Two others died with him.

Coastal district east of Morant Bay whose Port Morant Kumina Group received the Institute of Jamaica's Gold Musgrave Medal for safeguarding Kumina tradition.

Burning Spear is the stage name of Winston Rodney (born 1 March 1945, Saint Ann's Bay), a Jamaican roots reggae singer and one of the genre's foremost Rastafarian and Marcus Garvey-inspired voices. Discovered by Bob Marley and first recording for Studio One, he achieved landmark status with the album Marcus Garvey (1975) and its dub companion Garvey's Ghost, and has won Grammy Awards for his later work. He auditioned for Coxsone Dodd's operation on a Sunday afternoon in 1969, singing his own composition "Door Peeping" for Dodd's studio lieutenant Leroy Sibbles, and stayed under contract to Dodd for roughly five years, recording enough for several albums with little commercial success, growing disillusioned enough to leave Kingston in 1974 and return to farming in his native St Ann. Early in 1975 he partnered with the Ocho Rios sound man and fledgling producer Lawrence Lindo, "Jack Ruby", and those sessions became the 1975 albums "Marcus Garvey" and "Man in the Hill", which included re-recordings of songs from his fallow Studio One years.

Parish capital of Clarendon and birthplace of Frederick 'Toots' Hibbert of Toots and the Maytals; the surrounding parish is also the home ground of singer Freddie McGregor.

Coastal village in Westmoreland that is the birthplace and burial place of Wailers co-founder Peter Tosh, now a pilgrimage point on the south-west coast.

"Cherry Oh Baby," Eric Donaldson's win at Jamaica's 1971 Festival Song Competition, became an enduring reggae standard covered by artists including UB40 and the Rolling Stones - an unusually long afterlife for a song that began as a national song-contest entry rather than a commercial single.