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Women behind the boards and the business

Well supported

Producers, executives and one dancer whose stand-off with a promoter opened a stage to Rastafarian drumming -- the women who ran the business side of Jamaican music.

Some of the most consequential decisions in Jamaican music history were made by women who never touched a mixing board.

Sonia Pottinger cut rocksteady and gospel sides from the mixing chair, Patricia Chin built VP Records from a Kingston record shop into a global label, and Cedella Marley now runs Tuff Gong itself -- while decades earlier, dancer Anita Mahfood forced open a stage for Rastafarian musicians.

The dancer who opened a stage

In 1959, Kingston's leading rhumba dancer, Anita Mahfood (billed as Marguerita), demanded that Count Ossie's Rastafarian drummers back her show at the Ward Theatre. Promoter Vere Johns objected on the grounds of Rastafari's outsider status; Mahfood refused to go on without them, and Johns relented. It was Count Ossie's first performance for a mainstream audience -- a single dancer's stand-off that helped legitimise Rastafarian music in Jamaican popular entertainment years before reggae carried it worldwide.

From the mixing chair to the corner office

A generation later, Sonia Pottinger and Patricia Chin built and ran labels -- Gay Feet, High Note and VP Records among them -- through decades when Jamaican music's business side was almost entirely male. Olivia 'Babsy' Grange moved from artist management into government, eventually shaping national cultural policy.

That executive line continues today: Cedella Marley has run Tuff Gong International -- the label the Wailers founded in 1965 -- since her early twenties, overseeing its studio, pressing plant and distribution arm, while her sister Sharon Marley has led A&R at Ghetto Youths United and curated the Bob Marley Museum. Both got their start recording as two of the four siblings in Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers before moving to the business side of the family enterprise.

profile · person · Well supportedPatricia Chin

Co-founder of VP Records and the P in its name, known throughout the music as Miss Pat. Born in Kingston in 1937, she and her husband Vincent "Randy" Chin built Randy's Record Mart at 17 North Parade and the Studio 17 above it, and when the family moved to New York in the late 1970s they opened the Queens shop that became the largest independent reggae label in the world. Her part in it was the counter and the buying: she worked the shop directly, stocked rival labels alongside the company's own records, and followed whatever her customers were actually asking for across ska, rocksteady, reggae, dancehall and soca rather than backing a taste of her own. She took over the running of the company after Vincent died in 2003 and was still at work there daily past the age of eighty.

profile · person · Well supportedCedella Marley

Cedella Marley Minto, daughter of Bob Marley and Rita Marley, sang with siblings Ziggy, Stephen and Sharon in Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers before becoming CEO of Tuff Gong International at 23, overseeing its Kingston recording studio, pressing plant and distribution arm. She also founded the Catch a Fire clothing line and has written a series of children's books about her father's life and message.

profile · person · Well supportedSharon Marley

Sharon Althea Marley, the first child of Rita Marley and adopted daughter of Bob Marley, sang alongside siblings Cedella, Stephen and Ziggy in Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers from 1979, later heading A&R for Ghetto Youths United and curating the Bob Marley Museum before returning to a solo recording career in 2021.

place · venue · Well supportedWard Theatre

Ward Theatre is a historic Kingston theatre associated with Jamaican stage performance, festival culture and public entertainment, part of the formal performance infrastructure that stood alongside street dances and sound systems.

place · business · Well supportedTuff Gong International

The company built around Bob Marley's label, named for his street title, and after 1981 the institutional keeper of his catalogue and premises. The Marcus Garvey Drive complex holds the studio, pressing plant and label offices, making it one of the few vertically integrated music operations in the Caribbean.

profile · person · Well supportedAnita Mahfood

Anita Mahfood, known professionally as Marguerita, was a Jamaican rhumba dancer of Lebanese-Jamaican descent, schooled at Alpha Academy, who became Kingston's leading exotic dancer of the late 1950s. In 1959 she insisted that Count Ossie's Rastafarian drummers back her show at the Ward Theatre over promoter Vere Johns's objections, giving Count Ossie's ensemble its first performance before a mainstream audience and helping legitimise Rastafarian music in Jamaican popular entertainment. She died in 1965.

evidence · person · Well supportedCount Ossie

Oswald Williams (c. 1926-1976), the drummer who brought Rastafari into Jamaican popular music. From his camp in the Wareika Hills above Kingston he taught the akete drumming that became nyabinghi, and his drums on the Folkes Brothers' "Oh Carolina" in 1960 are usually described as the first time that sound reached a commercial record. With the Mystic Revelation of Rastafari he made Grounation, a triple album of drumming, chanting and jazz horns that stands as the fullest document of the tradition.

example · group · Well supportedZiggy Marley and the Melody Makers

Reggae family group formed in Brooklyn in 1979 by four of Bob and Rita Marley's children -- Ziggy, Stephen, Cedella and Sharon Marley -- who first recorded the Bob Marley-composed 'Children Playing in the Streets'. The group's Conscious Party (1988), One Bright Day (1989) and Fallen Is Babylon (1997) each won a Grammy Award, carrying the Marley name into a new generation of reggae.

profile · person · ProbableSonia Pottinger

Sonia Pottinger (1931-2010), known as "Miss P," was Jamaica's first female record producer, active from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s. Working from her Tip Top Records shop, she released rocksteady and reggae hits on her Gay Feet, High Note, Tip Top and Rainbow labels for the Ethiopians, the Melodians ("Swing and Dine"), Delano Stewart, Ken Boothe and others. She acquired Duke Reid's Treasure Isle catalogue in 1974 and produced Culture's Harder Than the Rest (1978). Her first production was "Every Night" by Joe White and Chuck. She opened the Tip Top record shop in 1965 and began producing the following year, working through to the mid-1980s with Bob Andy, Marcia Griffiths, Alton Ellis, U-Roy, Big Youth, the Melodians, Delroy Wilson, Ken Boothe and Culture on her Gay Feet, Tip Top, Rainbow and High Note labels, and buying Duke Reid's Treasure Isle in 1974 shortly before his death. She was known as "Miss P", and is not to be confused with Ranking Miss P, the British broadcaster and sister of Rita Marley, nor with Patricia "Miss Pat" Chin of VP Records. Three different women in Jamaican music answer to a similar name.

profile · person · Well supportedOlivia 'Babsy' Grange

Olivia 'Babsy' Grange, Jamaica's Minister with responsibility for culture and entertainment, who championed the successful 2018 UNESCO bid to inscribe reggae, launched the Jamaica Music Society, and oversees Reggae Month observances.

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Written and researched by The Jamaica Music Atlas music desk. The sources that informed it are credited above.

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