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The sounds of the island — grouped by how they sound

931 playable recordings, interviews, documentaries and sound tapes from the archive, sorted into nine sonic groupings. Each grouping tells you what to listen for, so the difference between a ska chop and a one drop is something you can hear rather than something you have to take on trust.

SONIC GROUPINGS

Nine ways the island sounds.

Most groupings follow a period of sound — the tempo drop into rocksteady, the machine arriving in 1985. Clash and dubplate is the exception: it is a practice rather than a decade, so a record lands there for what it shows, not for when its artist worked. A recording can sit in more than one.

Deep background

Drum roots

Three Nyabinghi drums in conversation — the bass drum on the downbeat, the funde holding a steady heartbeat pulse, the repeater improvising across the top. Kumina and revival singing work the same way: a fixed pulse with a voice moving freely over it.

35 recordings

1940s–50s

Mento

An acoustic band with no drum kit: banjo, guitar, hand drum and a rhumba box — a big thumb piano the player sits on — plucking the bassline. The lilt leans on the last beat of the bar, which is why mento swings where calypso struts.

27 recordings

1950s–early 60s

Sound-system foundation

American R&B and shuffle boogie played through valve amplifiers and home-built bass bins. The thing to hear is not the song but the system: bass weight the record was never mastered for, and a selector talking over it.

17 recordings

1962–66

Ska

The chop on the offbeat — guitar and piano stabbing the up-strokes between the drums — at a pace close to a run. Horns carry the melody, jazz-schooled and loud, and the bass walks rather than repeats.

43 recordings

1966–79

Rocksteady, reggae and dub

The tempo drops and the bass steps forward as the lead instrument. Count to four: in a one drop there is nothing on beat one, and kick and snare land together on three. Then dub takes the same tape and removes most of it, leaving reverb where the singing was.

218 recordings

1979–90

Dancehall and the digital turn

One riddim under many different voices. After Sleng Teng in 1985 the backing is a machine rather than a band, so the timing is exact and the same instrumental can carry a love song, a boast and a warning in the same session.

187 recordings

1990s

Clash and dubplate

A familiar tune with the words changed — an artist singing a rival sound into the ground and calling your sound by name. These are specials, cut one at a time for one system, and the crowd noise is the scoring.

201 recordings

2000s

Street dance

Records built for a specific move, with the instruction in the lyric. The tempo and the gaps in the beat are shaped around what a body has to do on the floor.

108 recordings

2010s onward

Global and the living archive

Old riddims resurfacing — a Studio One bassline under a new voice, a revival singer reaching back past dancehall to roots. Listen for what is being quoted.

263 recordings

THE WHOLE SHELF

Everything playable, rights-aware.

931 recordings

Nasio Fontaine — Revolution Souljah

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

From Revolution (1999) on Aphelion Productions Inc. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Aswad — Shine (official music video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Released 6 June 1994 on Bubblin', the first single from Rise and Shine; the video was directed by D. Red. Official upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Aswad — Warriors (official music video)

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The second single from Rise and Shine, 1994, which reached number 33 on the UK singles chart. Official upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Inner Circle — Sweat (A La La La La Long) (official music video)

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Released 10 July 1992, the lead single from Bad to the Bone. Official upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Bounty Killer — Hip-Hopera featuring The Fugees (official music video)

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VP Records, February 1997, from My Xperience — the Jamaican artist putting the American group on his record rather than the other way round. Label upload; discovery-only pending editorial rights review.

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Diana King — Shy Guy (official video)

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Lead single from Tougher Than Love, March 1995, and on the Bad Boys soundtrack. Official/label upload; discovery-only pending editorial rights review.

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Dolly My Baby (hip-hop remix) — Super Cat with The Notorious B.I.G., Mary J. Blige and Third Eye

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The remix carrying the Notorious B.I.G.'s recorded debut, produced by 3rd Eye, Sean Combs and Trevor Sparks. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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No Doubt — Hey Baby featuring Bounty Killer (official video, 4K remaster)

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Interscope, from Rock Steady (2001); the video mimics the parties the band went to while recording in Jamaica. Label upload; discovery-only pending editorial rights review.

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Patra — Queen of the Pack

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Supplied to YouTube by Epic. Title track of the 1993 debut, which topped the reggae albums chart. Label upload; discovery-only pending editorial rights review.

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Super Cat — Dolly My Baby

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Columbia, January 1993, from Don Dada. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Alpha Blondy — Brigadier Sabari (2010 remaster)

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Supplied to YouTube by IDOL. The song is an account of a beating by Abidjan police. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Aswad — Don't Turn Around (official video)

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Island Records, 1988, from Distant Thunder; it went to number one on the UK singles chart that March. Label upload; discovery-only pending editorial rights review.

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Chalice — Good To Be There

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From the debut album Blasted; it followed "I Still Love You", which held number one in Jamaica for seven weeks. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Inner Circle — Bad Boys (official music video)

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Big Beat Records, 1993 — the reissue that made a 1987 album track the most recognised Jamaican record on American television. Label upload; discovery-only pending editorial rights review.

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Lucky Dube — Different Colours, One People (official music video)

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Gallo Record Company. Official/label upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Ras Kimono — Rhumba Stylee (music video)

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The biggest single from Under Pressure. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Ras Kimono — Under Pressure (official audio)

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Title track of the 1989 debut, one of the records that established reggae as a Nigerian form rather than an import. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Rocky Dawuni — African Reggae Fever (official video)

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From Hymns For The Rebel Soul, directed by Glen Wilson. Official upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Rocky Dawuni — Download The Revolution (official video)

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From Hymns For The Rebel Soul. Official upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Steel Pulse — Ku Klux Klan

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From Handsworth Revolution (1978) — Birmingham reggae answering the National Front directly. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Tiken Jah Fakoly — Plus rien ne m'étonne (official video)

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Barclay, 2007. Official/label upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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UB40 — Kingston Town (official video)

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Virgin. Official/label upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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UB40 — Red Red Wine (official video, 4K remaster)

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Virgin. Official/label upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Blood and Fire — Niney the Observer (official audio)

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Supplied to YouTube by Virgin Music Group from the album Here I Come, 2024. Label upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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