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The sounds of the island — grouped by how they sound

931 playable recordings, interviews, documentaries and sound tapes from the archive, sorted into nine sonic groupings. Each grouping tells you what to listen for, so the difference between a ska chop and a one drop is something you can hear rather than something you have to take on trust.

SONIC GROUPINGS

Nine ways the island sounds.

Most groupings follow a period of sound — the tempo drop into rocksteady, the machine arriving in 1985. Clash and dubplate is the exception: it is a practice rather than a decade, so a record lands there for what it shows, not for when its artist worked. A recording can sit in more than one.

Deep background

Drum roots

Three Nyabinghi drums in conversation — the bass drum on the downbeat, the funde holding a steady heartbeat pulse, the repeater improvising across the top. Kumina and revival singing work the same way: a fixed pulse with a voice moving freely over it.

35 recordings

1940s–50s

Mento

An acoustic band with no drum kit: banjo, guitar, hand drum and a rhumba box — a big thumb piano the player sits on — plucking the bassline. The lilt leans on the last beat of the bar, which is why mento swings where calypso struts.

27 recordings

1950s–early 60s

Sound-system foundation

American R&B and shuffle boogie played through valve amplifiers and home-built bass bins. The thing to hear is not the song but the system: bass weight the record was never mastered for, and a selector talking over it.

17 recordings

1962–66

Ska

The chop on the offbeat — guitar and piano stabbing the up-strokes between the drums — at a pace close to a run. Horns carry the melody, jazz-schooled and loud, and the bass walks rather than repeats.

43 recordings

1966–79

Rocksteady, reggae and dub

The tempo drops and the bass steps forward as the lead instrument. Count to four: in a one drop there is nothing on beat one, and kick and snare land together on three. Then dub takes the same tape and removes most of it, leaving reverb where the singing was.

218 recordings

1979–90

Dancehall and the digital turn

One riddim under many different voices. After Sleng Teng in 1985 the backing is a machine rather than a band, so the timing is exact and the same instrumental can carry a love song, a boast and a warning in the same session.

187 recordings

1990s

Clash and dubplate

A familiar tune with the words changed — an artist singing a rival sound into the ground and calling your sound by name. These are specials, cut one at a time for one system, and the crowd noise is the scoring.

201 recordings

2000s

Street dance

Records built for a specific move, with the instruction in the lyric. The tempo and the gaps in the beat are shaped around what a body has to do on the floor.

108 recordings

2010s onward

Global and the living archive

Old riddims resurfacing — a Studio One bassline under a new voice, a revival singer reaching back past dancehall to roots. Listen for what is being quoted.

263 recordings

LISTENING — GLOBAL AND THE LIVING ARCHIVE

Global and the living archive

Old riddims resurfacing — a Studio One bassline under a new voice, a revival singer reaching back past dancehall to roots. Listen for what is being quoted.

263 recordings Clear filters

DJ ShantiKilla — Earth Ruler Sound Mix

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · tapes

Guest mix associated with Earth Ruler; exact upload metadata requires review.

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Earth Ruler Sound System — 2024 Dubplate Juggling

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only

Current Earth Ruler live dubplate reference.

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Waggy Tee — Caribbean Unity Festival 2022 Dubplate Mix

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only

Editor-supplied live Waggy Tee dubplate reference.

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Exodus Nuclear vs Downbeat the Ruler — War Zone: Sound Fi Dead

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only

Editor-supplied community clash archive connecting Exodus Nuclear and Downbeat the Ruler; exact date, venue, lineup, result, channel and rights holder remain under editorial review.

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Busy Signal — Jamaica Love (official music video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Nyanda ft. Stonebwoy — All Fruits Ripe (official music video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

August 2022. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Sting & Shaggy — Don't Make Me Wait (official video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Lead single from 44/876, January 2018; filmed in Kingston and directed by Gil Green. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Clean Bandit — Rockabye (feat. Sean Paul & Anne-Marie) (official music video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Atlantic UK, 2016. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Brick & Lace — Love Is Wicked (official video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Geffen Records, 2007. Their best-known single. Link supplied by the editor. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Dalton Harris — "Listen" (winning performance, The X Factor UK 2018 final)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only

His winning performance of the Beyoncé cover in the Series 15 final, from the official X Factor UK channel. Identified by search rather than supplied directly. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Dalton Harris feat. James Arthur — The Power of Love (audio)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Copyright 2018 Simco Limited. Uploaded to Dalton Harris's own YouTube channel. Link supplied by the editor. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Nasio Fontaine — Revolution Souljah

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

From Revolution (1999) on Aphelion Productions Inc. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Aswad — Shine (official music video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Released 6 June 1994 on Bubblin', the first single from Rise and Shine; the video was directed by D. Red. Official upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Aswad — Warriors (official music video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

The second single from Rise and Shine, 1994, which reached number 33 on the UK singles chart. Official upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Patra — Queen of the Pack

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Supplied to YouTube by Epic. Title track of the 1993 debut, which topped the reggae albums chart. Label upload; discovery-only pending editorial rights review.

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Alpha Blondy — Brigadier Sabari (2010 remaster)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Supplied to YouTube by IDOL. The song is an account of a beating by Abidjan police. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Aswad — Don't Turn Around (official video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Island Records, 1988, from Distant Thunder; it went to number one on the UK singles chart that March. Label upload; discovery-only pending editorial rights review.

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Lucky Dube — Different Colours, One People (official music video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Gallo Record Company. Official/label upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Rocky Dawuni — African Reggae Fever (official video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

From Hymns For The Rebel Soul, directed by Glen Wilson. Official upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Rocky Dawuni — Download The Revolution (official video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

From Hymns For The Rebel Soul. Official upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Steel Pulse — Ku Klux Klan

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

From Handsworth Revolution (1978) — Birmingham reggae answering the National Front directly. Discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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Tiken Jah Fakoly — Plus rien ne m'étonne (official video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Barclay, 2007. Official/label upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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UB40 — Kingston Town (official video)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Virgin. Official/label upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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UB40 — Red Red Wine (official video, 4K remaster)

YOUTUBE · rights discovery only · releases

Virgin. Official/label upload; discovery-only embed pending editorial rights review.

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